…of how capitalism used to work and still does – with the
same underlying attitudes – except, unlike Henry Ford, no one today is about to
double wages to stabilize the workforce or even ensure that the workers earn
enough to buy the product.
"Ford's assembly line and his production techniques in
general were exemplars of 'scientific management,' a phrase and approach made
popular by Philadelphia engineer and businessman Frederick Winslow Taylor.
Taylor was one of the nation's first specialists in shop-floor management, and
his short book The Principles of
Scientific Management was
the best-selling business book of the first half of the twentieth century.
Taylor believed that workplaces could be made more efficient by training,
inducing, and compelling workers to labor more steadily and intensively. He
conducted time and motion studies to analyze the tasks workers were expected to
perform and then encouraged employers to reorganize the work process to minimize
wasted motion and time. He also favored piece-rate payment schemes to compel
employees, many of whom he described as 'stupid,' to work more quickly. 'Faster
work can be assured,' wrote Taylor, 'only through enforced standardization of
methods, enforced adoption of the best implements... and enforced
cooperation.’. Not surprisingly, most industrial workers resisted such schemes.
One worker at the Ford Motor Company complained that 'when the whistle blows
he starts to jerk and when the whistle blows again he stops jerking.' At Ford
and elsewhere, a common response to the brutal intensification of work was
absenteeism and high quit rates: in 1913, Ford's daily absentee rate was 10
percent, while annual turnover exceeded 350 percent. To reduce turnover, which
was costly to the company, Ford doubled the daily wages of his most valued
employees, to five dollars a day. This strategy was successful in stabilizing
the labor force and reducing operating costs." Pauline Maier, Merritt Roe
Smith, Alexander Keyssar, and Daniel J. Kevles; Inventing America (Norton)